Discussion on complexity and TCAS indicators for coherent safety net transitions

Transition between Separation Management in ATM and Collision Avoidance constitutes a source of potential risks due to non-coherent detection and resolution clearances between them. To explore an operational integration between these two safety nets, a complexity metric tailored for both Separation Management and Collision Avoidance, based on the intrinsic complexity, is proposed. To establish the framework to compare the complexity metric with current Collision Avoidance detection metrics, a basic pair-wise encounter model has been considered. Then, main indicators for horizontal detection of TCAS, i.e. tau and taumod, have been contrasted with the complexity metric. A simple method for determining the range locus for specific TCAS tau values, depending on relative speeds and encounter angles, was defined. In addition, range values when detection thresholds were infringed have been found to be similar, as well as its sensitivity to relative angles. Further work should be conducted for establishing a framework for the evaluation and validation of this complexity metric. This paper defines basic principles for an extended evaluation, including multi-encounter scenarios and longer look ahead times

Inducción rizogénica en estacas semileñosas de Berberidopsis corallina

- Latsague, M. ; Sáez, P.; Cifuentes, P.; Yáñez ,Y. Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Vegetal y Citogenética, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Chile.Berberidopsis corallina (michay rojo) es una especie endémica, catalogada como especie “En Peligro de Extinción”. Su persistente disminución está asociada a tala y competencia con Eucalyptus spp. y P. radiata. A raíz de continuas campañas realizadas por organizaciones ambientales, se han enfocado esfuerzos en intentar conservar los bosques nativos remanentes. Entre las herramientas de gestión a esta problemática se cuenta la propagación vegetativa, como una forma de aumentar el numero de individuos y acortar el período vegetativo, sin embargo, existe escasa información respecto a la propagación de michay rojo, por lo que, el objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento de enraizamiento de estacas semileñosas, como un aporte a la conservación de la especie. Las estacas se colectaron en marzo del 2007 en el sector Villa las Araucarias, al Sur de la Cordillera de Nahuelbuta, región de la Araucanía. Las estacas se trataron con Ácido Indol Butírico (AIB) en distintas concentraciones (0, 500,1000 y 1500 ppm). Luego de cinco meses en cama caliente, se obtuvo un 87% de enraizamiento total. La concentración 1000 ppm de AIB mostró los mejores resultados respecto al proceso de rizogénesis con un 90% de enraizamiento, encontrando la mayor longitud de raíces en este mismo tratamiento con un promedio de 13,64 cm. El mayor número de raíces se obtuvo en el tratamiento 1500 ppm de AIB con un valor promedio de 38,11 raíces por estaca. Se concluye que michay rojo puede ser reproducido vegetativamente a través de la rizogénesis de estacas tratadas con AIB

Phosphoproteomics data classify hematological cancer cell lines according to tumor type and sensitivity to kinase inhibitors

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

Software infrastructure for solving non-linear partial differential equations and its application to modelling crustal fault systems

In this paper we will give a brief introduction into the Python-based modelling language escript. We will present a model for the dynamics of fault systems in the Earth's crust and then show how escript is used to implement solution algorithms for a dynamic as well as a quasi-static scenario

The coupon collector urn model with unequal probabilities in ecology and evolution

International audienceThe sequential sampling of populations with unequal probabilities and with replacement in a closed population is a recurrent problem in ecology and evolution. Examples range from biodiversity sampling, epidemiology to the estimation of signal repertoire in animal communication. Many of these ques- tions can be reformulated as urn problems, often as special cases of the coupon collector problem, most simply expressed as the number of coupons that must be collected to have a complete set. We aimed to apply the coupon collector model in a comprehensive manner to one example—hosts (balls) being searched (draws) and parasitized (ball colour change) by parasitic wasps— to evaluate the influence of differences in sampling probabilities between items on collection speed. Based on the model of a complete multinomial process over time, we define the distribution, distribution function, expectation and variance of the number of hosts parasitized after a given time, as well as the inverse problem, estimating the sampling effort. We develop the relationship between the risk distribution on the set of hosts and the speed of parasitization and propose a more elegant proof of the weak stochastic dominance among speeds of parasitization, using the concept of Schur convexity and the ‘Robin Hood transfer’ numerical operation. Numerical examples are provided and a conjecture about strong dominance—an ordering characteristic of random variables—is proposed. The speed at which new items are discovered is a function of the entire shape of the sampling probability distribution. The sole comparison of values of variances is not sufficient to compare speeds associated with different distributions, as generally assumed in ecological studies

Confirmation of and Variable Energy Injection by a Near-Relativistic Outflow in APM 08279+5255

We present results from multi-epoch spectral analysis of XMM-Newton and Chandra observations of the broad absorption line (BAL) quasar APM 08279+5255. Our analysis shows significant X-ray BALs in all epochs with rest-frame energies lying in the range of ~ 6.7-18 keV. The X-ray BALs and 0.2-10 keV continuum show significant variability on timescales as short as 3.3 days (proper time) implying a source size-scale of ~ 10 r_g, where r_g is the gravitational radius. We find a large gradient in the outflow velocity of the X-ray absorbers with projected outflow velocities of up to 0.76 c. The maximum outflow velocity constrains the angle between the wind velocity and our line of sight to be less than ~ 22 degrees. We identify the following components of the outflow: (a) Highly ionized X-ray absorbing material (2.9 < logxi < 3.9) and a column density of log N_H ~ 23 outflowing at velocities of up to 0.76 c. (b) Low-ionization X-ray absorbing gas with log N_H ~ 22.8. We find that flatter spectra appear to result in lower outflow velocities. Based on our spectral analysis of observations of APM 08279+5255 over a period of 1.2 years (proper time) we estimate the mass-outflow rate and efficiency of the outflow to have varied between 16(-8,+12) M_solar yr^-1 and 64(-40,+66) M_solar yr^-1 and 0.18(-0.11,+0.15) to 1.7(-1.2+1.9), respectively. Assuming that the outflow properties of APM 08279+5255 are a common property of most quasars at similar redshifts, our results then imply that quasar winds are massive and energetic enough to influence significantly the formation of the host galaxy, provide significant metal enrichment to the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium, and are a viable mechanism for feedback at redshifts near the peak in the number density of galaxy mergers.Comment: 27 pages, includes 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Beam heat load analysis with COLDDIAG: a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics

The knowledge of the heat intake from the electron beam is essential to design the cryogenic layout of superconducting insertion devices. With the aim of measuring the beam heat load to a cold bore and understanding the responsible mechanisms, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics (COLDDIAG) has been built. The instrumentation comprises temperature sensors, pressure gauges, mass spectrometers and retarding field analyzers, which allow to study the beam heat load and the influence of the cryosorbed gas layer. COLDDIAG was installed in the storage ring of the Diamond Light Source from September 2012 to August 2013. During this time measurements were performed for a wide range of machine conditions, employing the various measuring capabilities of the device. Here we report on the analysis of the measured beam heat load, pressure and gas content, as well as the low energy charged particle flux and spectrum as a function of the electron beam parameters

GeneCodis: interpreting gene lists through enrichment analysis and integration of diverse biological information

GeneCodis is a web server application for functional analysis of gene lists that integrates different sources of information and finds modular patterns of interrelated annotations. This integrative approach has proved to be useful for the interpretation of high-throughput experiments and therefore a new version of the system has been developed to expand its functionality and scope. GeneCodis now expands the functional information with regulatory patterns and user-defined annotations, offering the possibility of integrating all sources of information in the same analysis. Traditional singular enrichment is now permitted and more organisms and gene identifiers have been added to the database. The application has been re-engineered to improve performance, accessibility and scalability. In addition, GeneCodis can now be accessed through a public SOAP web services interface, enabling users to perform analysis from their own scripts and workflows. The application is freely available at http://genecodis.dacya.ucm.e

Bulging brains

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Springer Verlag via the DOI in this record.Brain swelling is a serious condition associated with an accumulation of fluid inside the brain that can be caused by trauma, stroke, infection, or tumors. It increases the pressure inside the skull and reduces blood and oxygen supply. To relieve the intracranial pressure, neurosurgeons remove part of the skull and allow the swollen brain to bulge outward, a procedure known as decompressive craniectomy. Decompressive craniectomy has been preformed for more than a century; yet, its effects on the swollen brain remain poorly understood. Here we characterize the deformation, strain, and stretch in bulging brains using the nonlinear field theories of mechanics. Our study shows that even small swelling volumes of 28 to 56 ml induce maximum principal strains in excess of 30 %. For radially outward-pointing axons, we observe maximal normal stretches of 1.3 deep inside the bulge and maximal tangential stretches of 1.3 around the craniectomy edge. While the stretch magnitude varies with opening site and swelling region, our study suggests that the locations of maximum stretch are universally shared amongst all bulging brains. Our model has the potential to inform neurosurgeons and rationalize the shape and position of the skull opening, with the ultimate goal to reduce brain damage and improve the structural and functional outcomes of decompressive craniectomy in trauma patients.We thank Allan L. Reiss and his group for providing the MRI scans. This work was supported by the Timoshenko Scholar Award to Alain Goriely and by the Humboldt Research Award and the National Institutes of Health grant U01 HL119578 to Ellen Kuhl